College Skills for Homeschoolers

If your homeschooled student is planning to attend college, make sure he or she is not only prepared academically  but is also well-equipped with these seven skills. 1. Meeting deadlines One advantage homeschooled teens often have over their traditionally-schooled peers is that they have learned to effectively manage their time. By high school, most homeschooled teens are working independently, scheduling their day, and completing tasks with limited supervision. However, because homeschooling allows the flexibility to be self-paced, homeschooled teens may not have a great deal of experience meeting firm  deadlines. Encourage your student to use a planner or calendar to track deadlines. Teach him to break down long-term assignments, such as research papers, creating deadlines for each step. Assign short-term deadlines for other assignments, as well, such as â€Å"read three chapters by Friday.† Then, hold your student accountable for meeting these deadlines by imposing consequences, such as making up incomplete work on the weekend,  for missed deadlines. It can be difficult to follow through on such consequences when considering the flexibility that homeschooling offers, but a college professor isn’t going to be lenient with your teen when his poor planning causes him to miss assignment deadlines. 2. Taking notes Because most homeschooling parents don’t teach in a lecture style, many homeschooled kids haven’t had much  experience taking notes. Note-taking is a learned skill, so teach your students the basics and provide opportunities for them to practice. Tips for taking notes include: Listen for repeated words and phrases. If an instructor repeats something, it’s usually important.Listen for key words and phrases such as: first, second, because, for example, or in conclusion.Listen for names and dates.If the instructor writes something down, your student should write it down, too. Similarly, if a word, phrase, or definition is displayed on the board or screen, write it down.Teach your student to abbreviate, use symbols, and develop his own shorthand. He should use these tools to note key concepts and ideas rather than trying to write complete sentences.Instruct your student to go over notes at the conclusion of the lecture, adding in any important details that he remembers, making sure that what he wrote down makes sense to him, and clarifying anything that doesn’t. How to practice taking notes: If your student  attends a co-op, have him take notes during any lecture-style classes he takes.Ask your student to take notes while watching videos or online lessons.If you attend church, encourage your children to take notes during the sermon.Encourage your student to take notes as you read aloud. 3. Self-advocacy Because their primary teacher has always been a parent who knows and understands their needs, many homeschooled teens may find themselves lacking in self-advocacy skills. Self-advocacy means understanding your needs as relates to what is expected of you and learning how to express those needs to others. For example, if your homeschooled teen has dyslexia, he may need additional time to complete tests or in-class writing, a quiet room for testing, or leniency on grammar and spelling requirements for timed writing assignments. He needs to develop the skill to express those needs to professors in a clear, respectful manner. One way to help your teen develop self-advocacy skills is to expect him to practice them before graduation. If he takes classes outside of the home, such as a co-op or dual-enrollment setting, he needs to be the one to explain his needs to his teachers, not you. 4. Effective written communication skills Students should perfect a variety of written communication skills such as essays (both timed and untimed), email correspondence, and research papers. To prepare your students for college-level writing, consistently focus on the basics throughout high school until they become second nature. Make sure they’re using correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Don’t allow your students to use â€Å"text speak† in their written work or email communications. Because your students may need to communicate via email with professors, make sure they are familiar with proper email etiquette and know the correct form of address for their instructor (i.e. Dr., Mrs., Mr.). Assign a variety of writing assignments throughout high school such as: Compare and contrast essaysExpository writingDescriptive essaysNarrative essaysLetters – business and informalResearch papersCreative writing Consistently building basic written communication skills is vital to your students success in this area. 5. Personal responsibility for coursework Make sure  that your  teen is prepared for taking responsibility for his own schoolwork in college.  In addition to meeting deadlines, he’ll need to be able to  read and follow a course  syllabus, keep track of papers, and get himself out of bed and to class on time. The easiest way to prepare your student for this aspect of college life is to begin handing over the reins in middle school or early high school. Give your student an assignment sheet and hold him responsible for completing his assignments on time and adding key dates to his planner. Help him work out a system for keeping track of papers. (Three-ring binders, hanging file folders in a portable file box, and magazine holders are some good options.) Give him an alarm clock and expect him to get himself up and started by a mutually agreeable time each day. 6. Life management Your teen also needs to be prepared to handle personal tasks on his own such as  laundry, meal planning, grocery shopping, and  making appointments. As with teaching personal responsibility, life management skills are best taught by handing them over to your student during his high school years. Let your student do his own laundry and plan and prepare at least one meal each week, making a grocery list and shopping for needed items. (Sometimes it’s easier for one person to do the shopping, so it may not be practical for your teen to do the shopping, but he can add the needed ingredients to your grocery list.) Let  your older teens  make their  own doctor and dental appointments. Of course, you can still go with  them to the appointment, but some teens and young adults find it very intimidating to make that phone call. Let them get in the habit while you can still be nearby in case they have any questions or run into any problems. 7.Public speaking skills Public speaking consistently tops people’s list of fears. While some people never get over the fear of speaking to a group, most find that it becomes easier by practicing and mastering some basic public speaking skills, such as body language, eye contact, and avoiding words such as â€Å"uh,† â€Å"um,† â€Å"like,† and â€Å"you know.† If your student is part of a homeschool co-op, that can be an excellent source for public speaking practice. If not, check to see if you have a local Toastmaster’s Club in which your teen could get involved. You might also inquire to see if a member of the Toastmaster’s Club would teach a speech class for teens. Many students who are able to participate in such a class may be surprised to find it much more fun and less nerve-wracking than they had imagined. Make sure your homeschooled student is prepared for the rigors of college life by adding these vital skills to the academics youre already working on.

Essay about Gun Control in America - 1300 Words

Guns are there a right to all American citizens, or are they an out of date way of defense. In this paper you will find many examples of how guns are a right for Americans. Also necessary way of defense. People who are for gun control, assume that when guns are taken away there will no longer be any gun related crime. This is far from the truth, in many places where strict gun control bills have been passed; the murder rate has risen by a huge amount. In the following paragraphs you will find many examples of how gun control just means more violence. New Jersey adopted what experts described as the most stringent gun law in the nation in 1966: two years later, the murder rate was up 46 percent and the robbery rate had nearly†¦show more content†¦After this took place they saw an increase in armed robbery and burglary. Switzerland has one of the lowest murder rates in the entire world. The reason why it requires all able-bodied males between the ages of 20 and 50 to have a military-issued automatic weapon, ammunition and other equipment in their homes. Israel, is a country, which has an extremely low crime rate but is vulnerable to many enemies including terrorists? They depend on the of widespread civilian gun possession. There are many other examples of countries will low gun control and low crime violence. Also examples of countries with high gun control and high crime rate. Another reason that people give for gun control is that it is not a constitutional right to own a gun. This statement is far from the truth, the second amendment, which states a well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Note that the founding fathers made this the second right out of ten. Which means that it most of been of great important to them. It is argued that the right to bear arms is conditional upon the need to have armed citizens as part of the national defense. Therefore, if the need for armed citizens were not need, the founding fathers would no have asserted the right. In the modern era, supposedly the need is not there. Does this mean there is no longer any constitutional rightShow MoreRelatedGun Control in America785 Words   |  3 Pages There has always been and always will be a problem with crime in America. Gun control has become a hot topic when talking about crime prevention. Gun control is any law, policy, or practice created to regulate the possession, production, sale, and use of firearms by private citizens. The majority of the American citizens believe that we should be able to own firearms for protection, leisure and sporting purposes. These people believe that denial of ownership of firearms infringes our SecondRead MoreGun Control in America1480 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control in America On March 24, 1998, firing from the woods overlooking their school, 13-year-old Andrew Golden and 11-year-old Mitchell Johnson shot and killed four middle school students and a teacher and injured ten other students in Jonesboro, Arkansas. The two boys had a semiautomatic M-1 carbine with a large ammunition magazine, two other rifles, seven handguns and more than 500 rounds of ammunition which they took from the home of one of the boy?s grandfather, who had a large arsenalRead MoreGun Control in America758 Words   |  4 PagesNathan 3/30/08 Gun Control in America Ever since the days of the pioneers, firearms have been an element of the American tradition as defense and a means of hunting or activity. As we progress through the 21st century the use of guns has changed significantly. The reason that the use of the gun is changing is fast and steady increase in crime and the battle for the right to have possession of a hand gun, the introduction of legislation for gun control, to try to decrease the felony in theRead MoreGun Control in America1313 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control in America Peter Z Bliss ENG/215 February 2, 2012 Kim Holloway Gun Control in America Gun control is a debate topic that comes up every election and when a major event happens that involving guns. Pro-gun lobbyists say â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† [ (Hagan, 2007) ] the anti-gun advocates want to take away the right to bear arms. This topic has no right or wrong answer it is a preference of the individual. This is why gun control is such a fiercely debated topicRead MoreGun Control in America2011 Words   |  8 PagesGun control is one of the biggest issues in America. Alfred Blumstein states, â€Å"As Americans, violence is a priority in everybody’s concerns in this country.† America is fighting a constant battle against crime and violence in this country. Murder is one of the biggest incidents happening on a daily basis in this country. 70% of homicides are reported to have some sort of firearm used in the crime. The depressing truth is that gun violence is increasing in young teens. Since 1985 people younger thanRe ad MoreThe Issue of Guns and Gun Control in America1146 Words   |  5 PagesIn America guns have been a part of the country’s society since it’s birth. Throughout history the citizens of the US have used firearms to protect the nation, protect their families, to hunt for food and to engage in sporting activities. The issue of Guns and gun control takes on a proportion of extreme magnitude. Weighing the rights and liberties of the individual against the welfare and safety of the public has always been a precarious balancing act. 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One of those was the Second Amendment which is the rights to bear arm, the purpose was to protect ourselves from danger but nowadays a lot of people have take advantage of it and use it in the wrong way. I believe our government need to have a strict limit on guns possession. Gun control had been a phenomenal issue in our country. In December 15, 1791 the second amendment established

Heart Of Darkness Essay Inculcated Ivory Ball Example For Students

Heart Of Darkness Essay Inculcated Ivory Ball The nightmare of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is found in its stark portrayal of madness under the influence of an environment filled with desolation. Its protagonist, Mr. Kurtz, was raised amongst civilized people, adapted virtues that were regarded proper in society during the Victorian era, yet when he travels into the Congo, where these qualities are of no consequence, he abandons them to become wild. To understand how Kurtz fell to this emotional corruptness, a reader must be aware of three main elements that caused his disillusionment: power, greed, and isolation. When Kurtz was living in England, he was a follower of the islands ruling party and conducted tasks amongst the supervision of its magistrates. Under these conditions, most of his actions were in abidance to the law, and if he were found conducting himself improperly in society, a harsh punishment could result in the form of fines or imprisonment for activities against the state. With his voyage into the Congo in search of finding a fortune through ivory trade, the lack of ruling parties in these far-flung outposts has an immediate effect on his persona. He discovers as he travels further into the interior of Africa that lawlessness grows as the watchful eyes of government factions fade away into the nothingness of primeval jungles. Many individuals thrown into an environment where they find unbridled freedom will seek means of overpowering others, and as Mr. Kurtz finds himself the sole member of intelligence amongst a province populated by heathens, he seeks ways to gain rule. When Marlow arrives to bring Kurtz back to civilization, the ivory trader has become supreme ruler over most of the lands inhabitants and has brainwashed the people into following his whims. As Kurtzs maniacal boat mate states, they adored him277. How he gained power over the natives is expressed through his ruthless treatment of traitors by putting their heads on stakes and his disregard of implementing English customs and well-bred indoctrination into the mindset of his people. Instead, he encourages savagery for he understands people bred from the wild will only follow those who enforce natures unwritten code. He grows so favorable towards his position as ruler over the jungle that when he discovers Marlow is coming to take him back to civilization, a place where he has no control, he tries to stop him, and dispatches natives to massacre all the passengers on the steamer. Marlow survives the onslaught and takes Kurtz away from a place he believes has deranged the mans mind, but has actually offered him a gift so many people seek in life: control over the masses. Ivory in an insurmountable supply creates greediness in Kurtz. He is renown amongst the Congo for his expertise in the ivory trade and no one can match his production. Boatloads of the valuable commodity are sent downstream bringing him handsome profits, yet when he has achieved financial success the glamour of wealth becomes false to him. He begins to see his business not through what he can get for his product but in how much he can produce. Money is not needed in the jungle and Kurtz goes out on hunting expeditions not to earn profits but to possess ivory in massive numbers, for he finds gratification in ownership of these valuable items. Kurtzs greed is shown through his wanting to kill a Russian friend unless he returned ivory stolen from a personal stock and through his continuous, almost mindless ventures into the jungle for more supply. What purpose does his life serve while being taken up by this melodramatic pursuit of materialistic gain? .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b , .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .postImageUrl , .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b , .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b:hover , .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b:visited , .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b:active { border:0!important; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b:active , .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u273b385104078920cee41c69496dea8b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The American Dream EssayIf he were working for a goal other than sending ivory downstream to acquire an allotment of unneeded monies, it would behoove me to rethink upon the uselessness of his endeavors. Its hard not to agree with Marlow when he remarks on Kurtzs senseless pursuits into the jungle for ivory, Why hes mad. The jungle, in its loneliness and impenetrability, drive Kurtz to a mental regeneration. He has lived away from England and its cultured people for many years and his separation from society awakens the chained beast within him. All men come from the primeval and carry from their earliest ancestors a propensity for wildness. How this wildness comes out in obverse behavior, depends on a persons condition, state of affairs, or environment, and when Kurtz came to Africa all of these factors played against etiquette, so he allowed the jungle to take control of him. The characters in the book regard this abrupt change in Kurtz as madness, but would not a prisoner of any social standing put behind bars for a long period of time suffer a change in their mental makeup? Kurtz is not driven mad but has formed a closer bond toward his surroundings and through this friendship has survived years of solitude and contact with unpredictable savages. It would be true to surmise he could never survive in England with his current mental instability but the same could be said of a tiger, which could outlive any unarmed lawyer in the wild. When we come to the end of the story, we wonder if Kurtzs actions and words were not stupid mutterings from a lunatic but held meaning beyond reason. He utters before his death the powerful words, The horror! The horror! Is this Kurtzs final cry against life or words of disgust for what he had become in the Congo? The reader can make their own conjectures upon the meaning of these words, but in the story, it is certain through Kurtzs big plans for life and his universal ideas toward improving the future that he wishes for immortality. Maybe he discovers how useless personal gain, greed, and betterment over others mean in the end when all that invites us is death.

Mid -Term Break Essay free essay sample

The poem Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney is a first person ballad concerning the death of a boy’s 4-year-old brother while he was away at boarding school, and the individual reactions of each of his family members towards the tragedy. Poet Seamus Heaney did well at taking the extremely heavy subject of a child’s death, and producing a substantially lighter poem that still resonated the right emotions for the theme of the poem. In my opinion, Mid-Term Break can be broken up into three different sections. The first of these sections includes Stanza 1, where the boy is still at school. The first section of the poem describes the main character waiting in the sick bay for someone to drive him home, which tells the reader that something bad has happened before the poem has begun, because the main character is being sent home because of some kind of misfortune or tragedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Mid -Term Break Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second section of Mid-Term Break is the largest, and lasts from stanza two to stanza five. This section is also the darkest and most vibrant in imagery of the poem. The second section talks about the boy being greeted by a house full of strangers after the death of his younger brother, and the different ways each of his family members are handling the situation. The tone changes from section one to a deeper, more sad feel, as the writer is describing things like the main characters father crying, and old men offering their condolences to a child. Stanzas two, three and four develop the storyline in the form of the writer leading the reader through the house, as the main character is made uneasy by things like his father crying, the baby laughing in the pram, and people whispering about him. Stanza five is where the poem begins to explain the tragedy, through the last two lines at ten oclock the ambulance arrived, with the corpse, stanched and bandaged by the nurses. The third part of the poem is begins at stanza six and goes all the way until the finish. This part, for me, was the most emotional of the three, and really defines the theme and feel of the poem. The ending sentence of stanza six, I saw him for the first time in six weeks, paler now tells the reader that the boy had been away for an extended period of time, and in theory, didnt get to say goodbye to his little brother. The third section also ties up the poem, as it takes the storyline from the previous waiting at school to grieving with his family, and finishes with a simple explanation of the tragedy, and brief feeling of regret that the boy didnt spend more time with his brother. A Mid-Term Break usually means holidays, time off school or fun, which is the complete opposite to the themes of the poem. Although the title suggests that the poem is going to be revolving around a holiday, the reader soon discovers that the poem is dealing with a much darker subject, a death in the family. In the opening part of the poem there is a worrying atmosphere, which for me is clear through the line knelling classes to a close. This line suggests that the main character hasnt been made aware of what has happened, but leads the reader to imagine that whatever has happened, cannot be good. The second section is where the reader knows that someone has died, and that it is an immense heartbreak for the family. This is clear through the first two lines of stanza two, where the strong, solid fatherly figure of the boy is rendered distraught and upset by the tragedy, leaving the main character virtually helpless in his own grief. The second section also starts to introduce the reader to the deeper meaning of the poem, which is the main character becoming an adult, as the main character is feeling uneasy, and partially numb, as he doesnt know how to react to the situation as a child. The sentence as my mother held my hand in hers and coughed out angry tearless sighs also gives the reader an insight into just how shattered the family is after the death, as his mother is described as being too upset to cry, and that the main character feels that he now has to step up, being the oldest child, and comfort his family as an adult. The final part of the poem is the boy goes to the room where his brothers body is being is laid out. This is the event that the entire poem has been moving towards, essentially the climax of the whole poem. The final stanzas of the poem emphasise how tragic the event is, by leading the reader to imagine the younger brother as a helpless, pure, and peaceful child. Through the line He lay in the four foot box as in his cot, the younger brothers youth and purity is better exemplified. The imagery used in the third section of Mid-Term Break is the last goodbye when the main character goes to visit his younger brother, as he hasnt seen him in six weeks. This final goodbye is the peak of emotion in the poem, and takes the awkward subject of peace and gives it a form of peace and serenity. The final goodbye also refers back to the deeper meaning of becoming an adult, as the main character is not only saying goodbye to his baby brother, but also his childhood. Seamus Heaneys choice of words in this poem is what made it so emotionally raw. The central feeling of loss and sadness in the poem is expressed through phrases like I met my father crying, angry tearless sighs and old men standing up to shake my hand. The phrase I met my father crying tells the reader that the main character feels as though his father had been transformed into a different person by the tragedy, and he was meeting him for the first time. The lines â€Å"it was a hard blow,† the baby cooed and laughed and rocked in the pram and whispers informed strangers I was the eldest all add a second feeling of a certain awkwardness to the poem, which defines a child reacting to death brilliantly. The description of the dead brother at the end of the poem uses a warm and peaceful semantic field to contrast the previous emotions and feeling of the poem, and leave the reader with the idea that while the death of a child is ugly and horrific, that doesnt mean that is the way the baby brother should be remembered. The grammatical features of Mid-Term Break are used to emphasise the misery and numbness of death. The phrase Counting bells knelling classes to a close suggests that the writer is describing the knelling of a church bell rather than the ringing of a school bell, which refers to the idea of a funeral. The whole poems use of first person view gives the main character a feeling of detachment and isolation, as he is describing other people’s reactions to the tragedy throughout the poem, but he never describes how he feels. This feeling of isolation is also reflected through the form of rift that the death has caused through the main characters family. The main character seems to be detached from his family upon arriving home from school as he notices people talking about him being away at school, and in the same line that his mother held his hand in hers and coughed out angry tearless sighs. The disconnection of the one sentence, split into two stanzas, shows the reader the disconnection between the boy and his mother, and his family in general. He does not feel the closeness or comfort of holding her hand; he feels a kind of awkward numbness to the situation and doesnt know how to react. The final description of the corpse uses calm nouns and adjectives, instead of the gory d escription of the horrific accident. For example, Seamus Heaney used expressions like I saw him for the first time in six weeks, paler now, wearing a poppy bruise, he lay in a four foot box and the bumper knocked him clear to leave the reader with the idea that the dead brother is nothing but a vulnerable, pure child. In Mid-Term Break there is no concrete rhyme scheme, which says to the reader that the lack of rhythm makes the poem less optimistic and enjoyable. The general sounds of the poem are blank or free verse, therefore the poem tells the story without the use of rhyme. The free verse style suits the poem well, as the story being told is so raw with emotion and has such a sad feeling to it that the abrupt style of the poet tells the story well. This also meant that the one line at the end of the poem that did rhyme was emphasised even more. This line is important to the poem as it reflects the appalling subject of a four year olds death. The fact that he was only four stresses the tragedy the family if faced with. Seamus Heaney vividly represented a child’s journey into maturity through the form of a death in the family in Mid-Term Break. The writer used the perfect combination of sounds, words and syntax to express how he felt during the series of events that occur for a child after a death in the family, and did well at letting the audience live through the experience. Not only did Seamus tell the story of a boy’s baby brother’s death, but he also explained the feeling of isolation and detachment that a child has to experience when his/her parents are struck with a tragedy. The poem leaves the reader with the feeling or idea that a child is isolated on his journey

Vanilla Sky essay essays

Vanilla Sky essay essays In the movie Vanilla Sky, Tom Cruise takes on two roles, his characters actual life, and his dream life. The bases of these two roles remain the same. Hes a well to do young man from upper manhattan who has just about everything he wants. Money, a promising career, good looks, and a great social life, but the one thing he is missing is experiencing true love, which he later discovers in his dream. Penelapie Cruz plays the object of his affection in this almost perfect dream, and completes the missing part of what he now feels is a perfect life. Until a glitch in the system forces him to realize that all it is, is a dream. The glitch is then fixed and the time has come for him to make a choice, either stay in the surreal life with his love, or be brought back to the reality. The only catch is he will no longer be living in the world he was once familiar with due to the fact that it is 150 years later. All of his friends and family are long gone, along with his wealth and every other aspect of his life from long ago. Nevertheless, he chooses to return to modern day living, and the movie ends with him being brought back to the real world. Being that he no longer has the same status as he did in the past, Im sure he will have a better appreciation of life from that point on, and will use the values he gained from living in his dream and apply them to his new lifestyle in the future. ...

Earths Bigger, Older Planetary Cousin

Earth's Bigger, Older Planetary Cousin Ever since astronomers first began searching out planets around other stars, theyve found thousands of planet candidates and confirmed more than a thousand as actual worlds. There could be billions of worlds out there. The tools of the search are ground-based telescopes, the Kepler Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope, and others. The idea is to look for planets by watching for slight dips in the light of a star as the planet passes in its orbit between us and the star. This is called the  transit method because it requires that a planet transit the face of the star. Another way to find planets is to look for tiny shifts in the stars motion that are caused by a planets orbit. Detecting planets directly is very difficult because stars are quite bright and planets can get lost in the glare.   Finding other Worlds The first exoplanet (a world circling other stars) was discovered in 1995. Since then, the rate of discovery grew as astronomers launched spacecraft to look for distant worlds. One fascinating world that theyve found is called Kepler-452b. It circles a star similar to the Sun (a G2  star type) that lies about 1,400 light-years from us in the direction of the constellation Cygnus. It was found by the Kepler telescope, along with 11 more planet candidates orbiting in the habitable zones of their stars. To determine the planets properties, astronomers conducted observations at ground-based observatories. Their data confirmed the planetary nature of Kepler-452b, refined the size and brightness of its host star, and pinned down the size of the planet and its orbit Kepler-452b was the first near-Earth-sized world found, and it orbits its star in the so-called habitable zone. Thats a region around a star where liquid water could exist on the surface of a planet.  It is the smallest planet ever found in a habitable zone. Others have been larger worlds, so the fact that this one is closer to our own planets size means astronomers are close to finding Earth twins (in terms of size).   The discovery does NOT tell whether or not there IS water on the planet, or what the planet is made of (that is, whether it is a rocky body or a gas/ice giant). That information will come from further observations. Yet, this system does have some interesting similarities to Earth. Its orbit is 385 days, while ours is 365.25 days. Kepler-452b lies just five percent farther away from its star than Earth does from the Sun.  Ã‚   Kepler-452, the parent star of the system is 1.5 billion years older than the Sun (which is 4.5 billion years old). Its also a bit brighter than the Sun but has the same temperature. All these similarities help give astronomers a comparison point between this planetary system and our own Sun and planets as they seek to understand the formation and history of planetary systems. Ultimately, they want to know how many habitable worlds are out there.   About the Kepler Mission The Kepler space telescope (named for astronomer Johannes Kepler) was launched in 2009 on a mission to spy out planets around stars in a  region of the sky near the constellation Cygnus. It performed well until 2013 when NASA announced that failed flywheels (that keep the telescope pointed accurately) were failing. After some research and help from the scientific community, mission controllers devised a way to keep using the telescope, and its mission is now called K2 Second Light. It continues to search out planetary candidates, which are then re-observed to help astronomers determine the masses, orbits, and other characteristics of the possible worlds. Once Keplers planet candidates are studied in detail, they are confirmed as actual planets and added to the growing list of such exoplanets.

Some questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Some questions - Essay Example This includes the right to education, religion, and matrimony. The right to live and to have free speech in order to be heard and be heard truly with an understanding and open mind. And most importantly, the right to be respected at all times as humans, whether man or woman. The issue between genders have always been a controversy; as to who the â€Å"stronger laborer or the main economic contributor is†. (Byrne 132) Women have stood behind men for decades: a norm for them to serve under the towering image of their male counterparts. Not until recent years did women fight for their rights to be heard asking for society to uphold them. Through this, contemporary feminism has altered the debate on human rights in several different ways. They have risen to several different occasions to be the most powerful voice in the nation; rising to the challenge of political, environmental and at the same time economic agendas both in the entire nation and within their private spaces. If th e country’s leaders would support their objectives, not only will women be heard but every individual fighting for their human rights as well. Now, as the most powerful country in the world, to whom every nation look up to, the US should lead by example actively performing and promoting the rights of every individual no matter the status or gender. They should not limit themselves to laws and leave this responsibility to the UN. As an active member of this organization, it should empower the UN to ask everyone to actively participate in the promotion of human rights. It should not stop at being just a member but instead push forward to reach further in creating a greater impact in the entire world; thereby starting within the confines of its constitution leading by example and mandating respect towards every individual rights. Prejudice refers to attitudes of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong to it and hence are

Outline of three ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline of three ideas - Essay Example atrons for such expeditions; however, there are numerous fishing businesses that depend almost exclusively on the catches they obtain through more destructive mid- and deep-level trawling. These businesses could be encouraged, through law or regulation, to offset some of their harmful by-catch (the killing of valued or endangered animals such as dolphins, turtles or sharks) by returning a specific amount of plastic catch for every 5 live catches, for example. Drainage filters throughout our cities and towns are necessary to protect our water and food supplies. Filters would work to reduce the amount of trash that enters the oceans and pollutes the fishing industry. They could be installed in storm drains throughout the cities – making the city dwellers and the cities themselves obvious patrons of the system – and help prevent some of the plastics that are making their way into the ocean and poisoning the fish. Because of land effects of plastic on the fishing industry, this industry might also be interested in being patrons, helping with educating the public and helping with other marketing efforts. A filter could be developed that works in much the same way as the filters we use for our tap water. Water would flow into the storm drains and go through a series of chambers that have different levels of screening material before it is finally free to enter the river or ocean system. It would be necessary to also begin a new c ity service similar to the waste department to maintain these filter systems, emptying the chambers of collected trash on a regular basis. To reduce the amount of rubber produced and its harmful effects on the environment, these tires are designed to stay full for nearly the life of the vehicle. They are made from ultra-durable rubber created with recycled plastic and rubber materials and designed with a special self-heal technology that instantly closes off any potential punctures. These tires would be in high demand by tire

Spanish literature Essay Example for Free

Spanish literature Essay From Latin litterae (plural); letter is the art of written work. The word literature literally means: things made from letters. The body of written works of a language, period, or culture. Imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value: Literature must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity (Rebecca West). The art or occupation of a literary writer. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field. Printed material Written material such as poetry, novels, essays, etc. , esp works of imagination characterized by excellence of style and expression and by themes of general or enduring interest. The body of written work of a particular culture or people Written or printed matter of a particular type or on a particular subject Printed material giving a particular type of information The art or profession of a writer Obsolete learning Writing in prose or verse regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence. The entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc. The writings dealing with a particular subject. The profession of a writer or author. Literary work or production. Any kind of printed material, as circulars, leaflets, or handbills. Archaic. literary culture; appreciation of letters and books. Creative writing of recognized artistic value writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest,are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. Written works (such as poems, plays, and novels) that are considered to be very good and to have lasting importance.

An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

An Inspector calls is set in 1912 and was written for a 1946 audience. What can it have to offer an audience in 2002? An Inspector calls. 'An Inspector calls' was written by J.B. Priestly in 1945, and was first shown to an audience in 1946. It was set in 1912, before the Second World War had started, and was to be shown, after the Second World War had ended. 'An inspector calls' is a dramatic, moralistic thriller. It is set around the death of a young woman: Eva Smith. The play begins with the Birling family celebrating the engagement of their daughter Sheila, to the wealthy Gerald Croft. In this part of the play you learn a lot about the social system of that era, the way people acted, and the way they thought. The doorbell, and the arrival of an Inspector interrupt their 'celebration'. From now on the mood changes, contrasting the light-hearted and happy mood; it now becomes tense and serious. The Inspector reveals each characters involvement in the death of Eva Smith, side by side with the flaws and evils in each characters' personality. This slowly reveals to the audience that the Inspector is a lot more then he seems, and that the play is not only a 'murder mystery', but also resembles a moralistic play of the middle ages, but in it's own socialistic manner. It also shows the flaws in the social system at the times, which are displayed in each character, and in the consequences of their acts. The audience are shown how some people ignore the reality of their actions, and even after seeing the consequence of their actions, refuse to change. Mr and Mrs Birling are portrayed as selfish and ignorant of their actions, while Sheila and Eric, as a contrast, have fully realised their mistakes and have changed the way they think. The inspector is successful in changing two of the characters, but is not successful in the rest. Priestly is in a way playing the Inspector, to his audience, showing them the consequences of their actions, and what will happen if they do not change. 'An Inspector calls' has many underlying messages, most of which are still relevant to us today. The question as to whether 'An inspector calls' is out of date, is a long argued and debated question. Both sides of the argument have valid points, and in order to come to a fair decision, you must consider both these sides of the argument. I am going to consider three statements about 'An Inspector calls' and after studying each one, am gong to come up with a decision.

H202 Decomposition

Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Reaction Kinetics Purpose: In this experiment, you will determine the rate law and activation energy for the iodide-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Overview: The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by iodide according to the following reaction: 2H2O2 (aq) [pic] 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) The speed of the reaction is determined from the reactants being consumed or from products that are being formed. This must be determined experimentally by measuring the rate of change in the concentration of one of the reactants or one of the products.The change of concentration can be measured by such physical properties such as the volume of a gas or color intensity of a solution. The rate may be expressed, for example, as moles per liter of product being formed per minute, milliliters of gas being produced per minute, or moles per liter of reactant being consumed per second. During this experiment, you will determine the rate of decomposition of hy drogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst, iodide. The goal in this experiment is to deduce a rate law for the reaction, showing the dependence of the rate on the concentrations of H2O2 and I-.Your rate law will be of the form: -[pic]= k[H2O2]x[I-]y k is the reaction rate constant and depends only on temperature. x is the reaction order with respect to the hydrogen peroxide concentration and y is the reaction order with respect to the iodide ion concentration. Your objective is to determine the numerical values for the exponents x and y and rate constant, k. You will also study the effect of temperature on the reaction. Materials: 0. 25M KI solution 3% H2O2 solution distilled water 125mL or 250mL Erlenmeyer flask 50mL gas collection tube ring stand test tube clamp one-hole rubber stopper eaker water bath 50mL graduate cylinder 5 and 10 mL pipets thermometer Procedure: 1. Fill one beaker about half full with water. Fill the gas collection tube with water and invert into this beak er. Clamp the gas collection tube to the ring stand. You will use this to measure the volume of gas generated in the reaction. 2. Place the Erlenmeyer flask into a water bath. Fill the waterbath two thirds full of water. Record the temperature of the water. Cap the Erlenmeyer flask with a one-hole rubber stopper. Insert a short piece of glass tubing into the one-hole rubber stopper.If necessary, cut a piece of glass tubing and fire polish the ends. Connect one end of the rubber tubing to the glass tubing and insert the other end into the gas collection tube. You are now ready to start the reaction. 3. Remove the rubber stopper from the 50 mL flask. Add 10 mL of the 0. 25 M KI solution and 15 mL of distilled water to the flask. 4. Add 5 mL of 3% H2O2 to the Erlenmeyer flask. Swirl to mix the solutions and immediately replace the rubber stopper. Begin taking oxygen volume readings immediately. 5. Record the time and oxygen volume (mL) every ten seconds for 240 econds or 30mL (whicheve r comes first). Swirl the flask during the reaction to prevent the solution becoming super saturated with oxygen. 6. Repeat the experiment, using a clean flask, with10mL of the 0. 25-M KI solution and 10mL of distilled water, then adding 10 mL of the 3% H2O2. 7. Repeat the experiment again, this time using 20mL of the 0. 25-M KI solution and 5mL of distilled water, then adding 5 mL of the 3% H2O2. 8. Replace the water in the water bath containing the Erlenmeyer flask, with water that is 10-20(C warmer than previously used.Repeat the experiment using 10mL of 0. 25M KI, 15mL of distilled water and 5mL of the 3% H2O2. 9. For each of the three trials, plot the volume of oxygen in milliliters versus the time in seconds. Fit the data with the best-fit curve or straight line for each trial, ignoring the first sixty seconds of data. (Do not draw a line that connects point to point. ) 10. Calculate the slope (mL/sec) of each line. The slope of each line gives the rate of oxygen production in mL/seconds. 11. Use the slopes and the details from each trial to determine the reaction orders for the I- and H2O2.Note that the KI and H2O2 volume are proportional to their concentrations in the reaction solution. | |Slope (mL/sec) |KI |H2O2 | |Trial 1 | |10mL |5mL | |Trial 2 | |10mL |10mL | |Trial 3 | |20mL |5mL | 2. Calculate the rate constant, k, for the equation: -[pic]= k[H2O2]x[I-]y Substitute values for [H2O2], [I-], x,y and -[pic]/[pic]into the equation and solve for k. Use the reaction orders determined above for x and y. Using data from one of the trials, calculate the molarity of the H2O2 and I- in the reaction solution and the hydrogen peroxide disappearance rate. Use these values to substitute into the above equation. You can determine the hydrogen peroxide disappearance rate from the rate of oxygen production.Convert the rate of oxygen production to moles per second using PV=nRT. Remember to reduce the pressure of the oxygen by the water vapor pressure. Use stoichio metry to convert moles of oxygen to moles of hydrogen peroxide. Use the solution volume to convert the moles per second to molarity per second. Calculate the rate constant, k, to two significant digits. Be sure to include units. 13. Examine your results to determine the effect that temperature had on the reaction rate. 14.Calculate k for the higher temperature, and, using both k values determine the activation energy for this reaction[1]. Questions: 1. How would your calculated reaction rate constants and calculated activation energy have been affected if the nominally 3% hydrogen peroxide had a concentration of only 2%? 2. How would your results have been affected if extra water had accidentally been added to the reaction mixture? 3. If you do not agitate the reaction solution, it can become supersaturated with oxygen. How would this affect your results? . If you had been able to directly determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction solution, you would have been able to graph the concentration versus time. What would that graph look like? 5. If you had been able to directly determine the concentration of iodide in the reaction solution you would have been able to graph its concentration versus time. What would that graph look like? 6. What would you graph versus time to determine the reaction rate constant? How would you calculate k from the graph? dapted from a lab at Occidental College http://departments. oxy. edu/tops/Kinetics/kinetics. pdf ———————– [1] Activation energy, Ea, is related to the reaction rate constant, k, by the Arrhenius equation: k=Ae-Ea/RT. R is the ideal gas constant, 8. 314510 J/(K†¢mol). A is the frequency factor with units of L/mol†¢s, and is related to the fraction of collisions that have the correct geometry. The activation energy can be determined using reaction rate constants from two different temperatures using the Arrhenius Equation rearranged as: ln k2 – ln k1 = – [pic]

Dorothy Johnson Essay

Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations (other). Dorothy E. Johnson was a nursing theorist, who was born August 21, 1919, in Savanna, Georgia. She has had an influence on her nursing through her publications since the 1950’s. Throughout her career, Johnson has stressed the importance of research-based knowledge about the effect of nursing care on clients. This led to The Johnson Behavioral System Model, in which she came up with in 1980. Nursing theories are used to describe, develop, disseminate, and use present knowledge in nursing. Johnson was an early fan of nursing as a science as well as an art. From the beginning, Johnson proposed that the knowledge of the science of nursing was necessary for effective nursing care. In 1961, Johnson propose d that nursing care facilitated the client’s maintenance of a state of equilibrium. Furthermore, Johnson proposed that clients were â€Å"stressed† by a stimulus of either an internal or external nature. These stressful stimuli created such disturbances, or â€Å"tensions,† in the patient that a state of disequilibrium occurred. Johnson identified two areas of nursing care that should be based on in order to return the client to a state of equilibrium. First, by reducing stressful stimuli, and second, by supporting natural and adaptive processes. Johnson’s behavioral system theory springs from Nightingales belief that nursing’s goal is to help individuals prevent or recover from disease or injury. The â€Å"science and art† of nursing should focus on the patient as an individual and not on the specific disease. Johnson used the work of behavioral scientists in psychology, sociology, and ethnology to develop her theory. Moreover, Johnson states that nurses should use the behavioral system as their knowledge base; comparable to the biological system that physicians use as their base of knowledge (Lobo, 1995). The reason Johnson chose the behavioral system model is the idea that â€Å"all the patterned,repetitive,  purposeful ways of behaving that characterize each person’s life make up an organized and integrated whole, or a system†(other). Johnson states that by categorizing behaviors, they can be predicted and ordered. Johnson categorized all human behavior into seven subsystems(SSs):Attachment,Achievement, Aggressive, Dependence, Sexual, Ingestive, and Eliminative. Each subsystem is composed of a set of behavioral responses or tendencies that share a common goal. These responses are developed through experience and learning and are determined by numerous physical, biological, psychological, and social factors. Four assumptions are made about the structure and function of each SS. T hese four assumptions are the†structural elements† common to each of the seven SSs. The first assumption is â€Å"from the form of the behavior it takes and the consequences it achieves and can be inferred to what drive that has been stimulated or what goal is being sought† (Johnson, 1980). The ultimate goal for each subsystem is expected to be the same for all individuals. The second assumption is that each individual has a â€Å"predisposition to act, with reference to the goal, in certain ways rather than in other ways† (Johnson, 1980). This predisposition to act is labeled â€Å"set† by Johnson. The third assumption is that each subsystem has available choices or â€Å"scope of action† alternatives from which choices can be made. The fourth assumption about the behavioral subsystem is that they produce observable outcomes-that is, the individuals behavior (Johnson, 1980).The observable behaviors allow an outsider to note the actions the individual is taking to reach a goal related to a specified SS. In addition, each of the SSs has three functional requirements. First, each subsystem must be â€Å"protected from noxious influences with which the system cannot cope† (Johnson, 1980). Second, each subsystem must be â€Å"nurtured through the input of appropriate supplies from the environment.† Finally each subsystem must be â€Å"stimulated for use to enhance growth and prevent stagnation.† As long as the SSs are meeting these requirements, the system and the SSs are viewed as self-maintaining and self- perpetuating. The internal and external environments of the system need to remain orderly and predictable for the system to maintain homeostasis. The interrelationships  of the structural elements of the subsystem to maintain a balance that is adaptive to that individual’s needs. Johnson’s Behavioral Subsystems, The Attachment subsystem is probably the most critical, because it forms the basis for all social organization. It provides survival and security. Its consequences are social inclusion, intimacy, and formation and maintenance of a strong social bond. The Achievement subsystem attempts to manipulate the environment. Its function is control or mastery of an aspect of self or environment to some standard of excellence. Areas of achievement behavior include intellectual, physical, creative, mechanical, and social skills. The Aggressive subsystem function is protection and preservation. It holds that aggressive behavior is not only learned, but has a primary intent to harm others. However, society has placed limits when dealing with self-protection and that people and their property be respected and protected. The Dependency subsystem promotes helping behavior that calls for a nurturing response. Its consequences are approval, attention or recognition, and physical assistance. Ultimately, dependency behavior develops from the complete reliance on others for certain resources essential for survival. An imbalance in a behavioral subsystem produces tension, which results in disequilibrium. The Sexual subsystem has the dual functions of procreation and gratification. It begins with the development of gender role identity and includes the broad range of sex role behaviors (Johnson, 1980).When there is an alteration in the â€Å"equilibrium† that exists, Johnson’s Model tends to diagnose to a subsystem rather than a specific problem. Johnson’s Model states that it is at this point when the nurse is needed in order to return the client to homeostasis (Conner et al., 1994). Nursing activities are a balance of medicine, not dependent on it. A person is viewed as a behavioral system with patterned, repetitive, and purposeful ways of behaving that link him to the environment (Johnson,1980). A person is a system of interdependent parts that requires some regularity and adjustment to maintain a balance (Johnson, 1980). Health is perceived as an â€Å"elusive,  dynamic state influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. It focuses on the per son rather than the illness (Conner et al., 1994). It consists of all the factors that are not part of the individual’s behavioral system but that influence the system and the nurse to achieve the health goal for the patient. In conclusion, Johnson’s theory could help direct the future of nursing theories, models, research, and education. By focusing on behavioral rather than biology, the theory clearly separates nursing from medicine. But do we need to separate the behavioral from the biological? It can be a huge help and has been proven by Johnson and some of her followers. In order to focus on the holistic idea of nursing, it is important to think of the behavioral and biological together as a whole. We cannot look at one without looking at the other.

Get Hired Faster What to Do When You Interview [Infographic]

Get Hired Faster What to Do When You Interview [Infographic] We all know what to do when we go on an interview- right? Dress up, say hello, give a firm handshake. There’s actually a lot more that you can do before you even pull on a suit and walk through the door. For starters, it helps to put some time in. Find out what you can about the company- that can lead to insightful interview questions during the actual interview. Then you can even plan out your trip to the interview, including the route and parking.It never hurts to investigate the people you’re interviewing with, too. There are also some dos and don’ts, from dressing appropriately (a plus) to leaving your cell phone on (a minus).Then, remember essential politeness. Be kind- to everyone and remember names. Be specific and be positive, and understand what the post-interview timeline is.Need some helpful interview reminders? Use this helpful infographic: [Source: Akkencloud]

Mark Twain Quotes About Death

Mark Twain Quotes About Death Mark Twain  died on April 21, 1910, but he had plenty to say on the subject while he was still alive. Death may be a morbid topic for many. However, Mark Twain chose to make light of the subject. He often joked about how dreadful the world would be if we were to continue to live forever.   Mark Twain Quotes About Death You can develop a new perspective on death through Mark Twains death quotes. Here, you will find Mark Twain embracing the concept of death with his famous wry sense of humor. We never become really and genuinely our entire and honest selves until we are dead and not then until we have been dead years and years. People ought to start dead and then they would be honest so much earlier.Let us endeavor to live that when we come to die even the undertaker will be sorry.We owe a deep debt of gratitude to Adam, the first great benefactor of the human race: he brought death into the world.All say, How hard it is that we have to die a strange complaint to come from the mouths of people who have had to live.The fear of death follows from the fear of life. A man who lives fully is prepared to die at any time.Thousands of geniuses live and die undiscovered either by themselves or by others.Do the thing you fear most and the death of fear is certain.

Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Answers - Essay Example I plan to apply the OSHA program skills leant in my daily life, starting from my home to my future employment. If I was working in a group on a project and another member of the group was not performing their duties, I would handle the situation via verbal warning. If the group member would still not heed to the warning, I would give him or her a written warning, and if no change is seen; then dismissal of the individual. I would first communicate with the supervisor explaining the situation, and alerting that I would be late in delivering the weekly report due to the given pressing circumstances. Next, I would handle the situation at hand. This is because the report can wait, but the situation might be a life threatening one, which must be dealt with immediately. Root-cause analysis is a fishbone structural analysis useful in shaping the source of the issue and prevents reoccurrence. In root cause analysis, investigation of possible source of the problem is broken down as: man, machine, environment, and

Operations Managment of Fullers Brewery and Vue Cinemas Term Paper

Operations Managment of Fullers Brewery and Vue Cinemas - Term Paper Example In considering the operational differences between the two businesses, the essay will now give a compassion of the operational aspects considered in each of the four variables of the four V model: Volume In the first instance, the volume of an operation simply represents the level of production and will dictate the overall approach used towards manufacture or delivery of a good or service (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 2008). In the case of Fuller’s Brewery volume can be measured in a number of ways but always relates back to the delivery of a physical product. In essence, from an operational perspective, the volume is measured in liquid volume measurements. From a pure scale perspective, while the operations of Fuller’s Brewery are concentrated in the Southeast, distribution takes place on a national basis requiring an operation in scale which is able to accommodate such demands. By stark contrast, Vue as a service provider is unable to measure volume on such a simple c ommodity basis, instead, volume here relates the number of â€Å"guest experiences† in other words, the number of tickets sold to customers in a given period. While this may be true of the main product, it should also be indicated that Vue makes a significant amount of profit from the sale of ancillary products such as beverages and snacks, items which may be easier to quantify with traditional measures of volume. Like, Fuller’s Brewery, Vue operates on a national basis. However, as a service provider, such large volumes require a more localized approach to supply, rather than a centralized production and distribution model as seen in the former business. Variety represents the number of products or services provided by an operator (Slack et al, 2010). Here a broad or narrow view may be taken of the variety of products produced within an operation. For instance taking the operation at Fuller’s Brewery, at the broad level of the operation can be split down into j ust two key product areas, cask ales made for the licensed premises business and canned and bottled beers designed to be sold from non-licensed premises such as the supermarket.

Effects of Nutrition on Human Hair Growth Research Paper

Effects of Nutrition on Human Hair Growth - Research Paper Example In reference to this, the presence of protein in the body means that exist more raw materials to be made into hair. However, it does not mean that the more protein consumed translates to more hair or increased hair growth. Considering that proteins are made of amino acids, the absorption of these amino acids is crucial to the growth of hair; as for healthy hair, all amino acids which are essential for the body should be ingested and digested (The Educational Resource Center of Women’s International Pharmacy, 2003). Moreover, of all the components that make up the hair follicle, lipids are a significant component. These lipids are the result of the breakdown of amino acids through enzymes that are protein in nature. The consumption of fatty substances that are made up of lipids determines the composition of the hair in the form of sebum; of which Sebum, in this case, is a lipid based substance that coats the hair and skin protecting it from the adverse effects of water. In turn , this prevents the growth of microorganisms in the hair and blocks the penetration of toxic substances into the body through the hair. This way, intake of lipids affects the overall wellbeing of the body by creating a protective barrier in the hair (Dunnett, 2001). In addition, as was the case with proteins, lipids are crucial to hair growth, but supplementing intake of fatty acids does not necessarily translate to increased production of sebum and advanced protection and a glossy look of the hair. However, increases in sebum production do increase in some cases leading to improved hair appearance (Dunnett, 2001). In addition, consumption of fatty foods, lipids, contributes towards healthy hair in that they stop it from turning grey. Intake of lipids strengthens the hair by adding to its thickness from the 90% that is made up of protein, collagen (Treasured Locks, 2005). Intake of iron in the body allows for proper circulation of blood around the body various organs; skin and hair included. This way, iron ensures that the follicles responsible for the production of hair are well supplied with nutrients such as protein and that oxygen is supplied in adequate amounts to hair follicles. Furthermore, electrons are transported in the blood with the help of the iron available in the blood; thus by consuming more iron, the hair benefits in that the body synthesises some of the crucial minerals necessary for the total wellbeing of the body and the hair, altogether. In addition, iron works with other minerals that are not so essential such as molybdenum, in detoxifying the body from radicals and breaking down certain products (Arkworld International, 2005). Waste products in the body act as toxins to the body in that they affect the texture, colour and overall appeal of hair. The direct impact of silicon to the hair is seen in what it does to the skin. This concerns the hydrating effect the skin enjoys from adequate supplies of silicon through nutrition. By the skin e xperiencing improved hydration, one’s hair, in turn, benefits from a fine texture emanating from the sebum that is held by the skin giving it a glossy feel and look (Piccardi and Patricia, 2009). In addition to this, the sebum produced from silicon helps in keeping the hair healthy by protecting it from infections, and the adverse effects felt from water. Moreover, silicon toughens hair by making it strong and, as well

Social responsibility Essay Example for Free

Social responsibility Essay The utilitarian view requires that the focus should be on the effects of the decision/action, such as effects in the form of benefit or costs. Aside from considering benefits and costs, this view also considers the number of people affected. In essence, a decision/action that benefits more people is generally viewed as more favorable. This view is limited because the definition of such benefit/cost can be flexible, based on the person’s perspective and the context. The moral rights rule puts emphasis on the individual rights. For example, this rule requires that the decision/action should lead to the maximum protection of these rights, as much as possible. For example, a decision/action that provides greater protection for the privacy rights of employees is considered more favorable in this model. However, note that the rights of stakeholders are to be considered, inclusive of employees and investors within the context of the organization. This rule is limited because it does not guide the decision-maker regarding which rights should be prioritized. The legal rule, on the other hand, puts focus mainly on the application of suitable conventional standards as well as laws based on the legal system. For instance, this rule indicates that the established laws should be used as basis for making the most appropriate decisions. A decision that upholds the law is considered favorable in this ethical perspective. However, it might be difficult to actually identify the most suitable rule. In the integrative social contracts rule, it is indicated that there must be proper consideration for the context, and the dependence of the appropriateness of ethical actions based on such context. Different contexts need to different ethical considerations even when facing the same or similar dilemma. This ethical view is limited because it does not properly provide a consistent basis for ethical decision-making. Personal Perspective The model that I consider as close to my ethical perspective is the utilitarian rule. I consider this perspective as easily applicable in many situations. For instance, it requires identification of the affected people/parties, as well as the identification of the benefits and costs that might occur as a result of the decisions/options at hand. I also view as a utilitarian perspective as close to my personal ethical perspective because I believe that it is important to consider all of the affected parties, and that every individual involved in the situation should come. In essence, this ethical model tries to distribute the consideration for benefits/costs to the individuals in a situation, rather than grouping them and prioritizing/evaluating them for group. In this way, there is better consideration for the weight of the number of people affected. This is in contrast to the moral rights rule, for instance, which considers groups of stakeholders and their rights within the context of the business organization. My core beliefs include that every person is significant. This means that even seemingly small individuals compared to highly powerful stakeholder groups should also matter. This is one of the reasons why I considered a utilitarian perspective as the module that is close to my personal ethical view. I also have the value of considering the diversity in the perspectives and interests of people. In this regard, in applying the utilitarian model, I usually think about what these interests and perspectives might be, so that I would be more accurate in evaluating the potential benefits/costs that might affect the people in this situation of the ethical dilemma. Thus, because I put value on diversity of interests and the significance of every individual, I believe that the utilitarian model is more acceptable and is highly aligned to my view. Ethical Dilemma Recognition and Analysis. An ethical dilemma is a situation in which the available options present significant advantages/benefits as well as disadvantages/costs. This means that it appears that none of the options actually stands out in terms of the benefits that can be achieved, because each of the options has notable costs. Thus, the ethical dilemma requires that the decision-makers should evaluate the weight and significance of the benefits and costs of these options. An ethical dilemma that I encountered in the past was with regard to the decision on which project to take for a term paper. This project was group-based. As the team leader, I needed to make the final decision on which specific topic to take. I viewed my input as the most favorable, although some of the inputs from the team members were actually also interesting. This was a dilemma because choosing my suggestion could help in maximizing the score that we could get from the project, but it could jeopardize teamwork. On the other hand, choosing to make the team members make the ultimate decision could lead to a slower process and conflicts among the team members. In terms of the utilitarian framework, the benefits would be in terms of how the ultimate decision could affect all the members. There must be consideration for the number of members affected, as well as the benefits/disadvantage. Ultimately, in using the utilitarian perspective in this ethical dilemma, I decided that it was necessary to let the group decided so that their interests could be more effectively considered. In this way, the decision actually resulted in a favorable score for the group, even though we experienced some challenges initially. The implications of this decision were that it benefited more members of the group, because they were satisfied in terms of greater involvement in the decision. It was limited because it did not properly consider the conventional rules on which topics to pursue. Ethical Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility Ethical leadership is of critical significance in any business organization. This is so because the actions of a leader can lead or mislead the entire organization. In this regard, in ensuring that the decisions and actions of the leader remain ethical all the time, the organization can expect that the activities of subordinates would also be as ethical as possible. Basically, a higher level of effectiveness in applying ethical principles in leadership should lead to a higher probability of ethical conduct among all the other members of the organization. I view corporate social responsibility as necessary and important, not just for the stakeholders, but also for the business organization. This is so because I believe that the business organization is a citizen of society. Instead of just considering it as a mechanism for generating profits, I view the business organization as part of society. The improvement in the contributions of the business organization to the development of society should lead to an improvement in society as well as the improvement in the opportunities for the business. I believe that organizations should be deeply involved in social responsibility, as much as they are resources and realistic contexts would allow. I understand that business organizations have limitations in terms of their resources. However, these business organizations should also review social responsibility as opportunities for them to improve the society in the market in general. An improvement in the market should lead to better business opportunities later on. Moreover, better contributions in the social responsibility efforts of the business organization should help in improving corporate image as well as the relationships of the organization with stakeholders, especially community members and customers, among other stakeholder groups.

Hitler’s Thousand Year Reich. :: Essays Papers

Hitler’s Thousand Year Reich. The name Adolph Hitler often brings to mind images of either a madman or an evil military genius. While Hitler was arguably an evil madman, he was no military genius. Hitler attempted to use Germany’s military muscle to overpower the world and make room for the Nazi party to survive and create what he called a thousand-year Reich. Hitler’s political activity was part luck and part skill; he found a way to turn the sentence of treason that was against him and turn it into a political stepping-stone to power. While Hitler and his generals successfully changed the world, they made too many mistakes, both military and otherwise, for the Nazi party ever to lead the world into Hitler’s dream of the thousand-year Reich. After the Beer Hall Putsch and Hitler’s subsequent imprisonment at Landsberg, he was told that he would receive a public trial. This public trial brought Hitler’s spirits up as he felt that this would give him the mass media coverage he needed and the chance to show how evil, stupid and cowardly his Government truly was. He was right, a Nazi sympathizer in the Bavarian Government chose all of the judges. These judges allowed Hitler to speak as long as he wished in his own defense, interrupt his opposition, cross-examine witnesses, and use the courtroom as a tool to spread pro-Nazi propaganda throughout the press. Hitler’s political luck had allowed him to use his daring to spread thoughts throughout the people of Germany with comments such as, "I alone bear the responsibility. But I am not a criminal because of that. If today I stand here as a revolutionary, it is as a revolutionary against the revolution. There is no such thing as high treason against the traito rs of 1918." While Hitler’s luck had allowed him the chance to promote his beliefs, his ability to manipulate people allowed him to receive the outcome that he had desired. While Hitler was still convicted, it was only at the command of the presiding judge, and even then the sentence was weak and allowed him many extravagances that allowed him to further his power. However, Hitler made many more mistakes than he made intelligent maneuvers. Perhaps one of Hitler’s largest mistakes was to start the war as early as he did. The German Luftwaffe had only enough fuel to last around six months of heavy combat, it lacked well-trained commanders, and Germany only held enough bombs to last around 3 weeks.

Dar es Salaam Essay

WHY STUDENTS’ TEACHERS’ IN TANZANIA STUDY HISTORY OF EDUCATION DAVID E. MSHANA DEC. 2012 Education according to Nyerere (1967), refers to the transmission from one generation to the next the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of the society and to prepare young people for their future membership of the society and their active participation in its development. In other way it can be defined as a process of teaching, training and learning especially in schools or colleges to improve knowledge and develop skills. (Oxford Advanced learners Dictionary, 6th Edition). Education is the process of acquiring and developing desirable knowledge, specific skills, positive attitudes and values. (Thungu, J. et al, 2010) History is the study of the records of all past human experiences, as defined by a number of historians. It is concerned with political, social, economic, scientific, technological and cultural which have shaped and given birth to mankind. History of education can be defined as the study of the past development of educational systems, theories and institutions within the general historical framework of political, social, economic, scientific, technological and cultural change. (Thungu, J. et al, 2010) REASONS WHY STUDENTS’ TEACHRERS’ STUDY HISTORY OF EDUCATION First of all, studying history of education helps teachers to be in improving quality of education and strengthen professional competence. Studying history of education prepares teachers to explore and critically examine alternatives education theories, practices and culture so as to objectively determine what is acceptable. (Thungu, J. et al, 2010) Likewise, past experience help teachers to be to influence current decisions today. History of education helps teachers to be to improve decision making and judgment. Through it both good and bad examples of decision are given. History of education offers the opportunity from past example of the others through which formulation of policies to suit the current education systems are made. Moreover, helps to draw comparison of different educational ideas and to show the development of various educational theories and practices in educational context. Through comparison one is able to show the development of a particular theory and practice in historical context and demonstrates a particular condition out, which such a theory arose, the specific function that a practice was intended to serve. (Thungu, J, et al, 2010) History of education provides the opportunity to see how society has changed over centuries. It provides a better understanding of people and culture. Tanzania in particular, education system has been changing from time to time as for instance objectives of indigenous education are different from the post colonial era. Through it, teacher to be can be able to show the difference objectives of education basing on different generation. (http//:www. wikipedia. history of education/) Helps to cultivate the art of self expression, communication, inquiry, objective thinking and ability to judge on the side of the teachers to be. It enables in the developing the attitude of mind that distinguish the educated person, the habit of skepticism and criticism of thinking with perspective and objective of judging what is good or bad, as well as weighing the pros and cons. (Thungu, J. et al. 2010) Studying history of education enables student- teachers in choosing suitable methods and strategies when in classroom environment or context. Student-teachers to be in good position to avoid static methods of teaching and learning, at the same time theory improve the tradition methods to match with current situation. (http//:www. wikipedia. history of education/) Also, it exposes the student-teachers to other discipline such as history, Christian religion education, oral literature, sociology and psychology. This helps in enriching the analysis of important educational ideas. (Thungu, J. et al, 2010) It enables student-teachers in integrating both theoretical and practical education. Understanding the context of historical events engender the spirit of realism. Through various education theories creates or build good basis in implementation of curriculum. (Thungu, J. et al 2010) Then, it helps in establishing the sound knowledge and skills set in which teachers will be able to build as they are exposed to different life experiences. For instance, having studied a history of education in a certain society, a student-teacher will be in a good position to handle the students of that society effectively and efficiently. (http//:www. wikipedia. history of education/) Studying history of education helps student-teachers to translate information and judgment, experience and wisdom into relevant knowledge that a student can understand, retain and pass to others. Generally, Studying history of education for the teachers to be is of great importance to their prospects of teaching. History of education is part and parcel of the teaching profession, if a teacher wants to be effective and efficient. REFERENCES http//:www. wikipedia. history of education/ 13th, Jan, 2011; 11:08 am Ishumi, A. G. M. , (1978), Education and Development, Dar es Salaam: National Printing Company Limited. Lema, E. et al (2004), Nyerere on Education, Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press Mushi, A. K. (2009), History and Development of Education in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 6th edition, (2000). Thungu, J. et al (2010), Mastering PTE Education, Nairobi: Oxford University Press.

Nuclear Fusion Power Of The Hot Sun Environmental Sciences Essay

The procedure by which two or more atomic karyon articulation together, or â€Å" fuse † , to organize a individual heavier karyon. During this procedure, affair is non conserved because some of the mass of the fusing karyon is converted to energy, which is released. Fusion is the procedure that powers active stars. If light karyons are forced together, they will blend with a output of energy because the mass of the combination will be less than the amount of the multitudes of the single karyon. If the combined atomic mass is less than that of Fe at the extremum of the binding energy curve, so the atomic atoms will be more tightly bound than they were in the igniter karyon, and that lessening in mass comes off in the signifier of energy harmonizing to the Einstein relationship. For heavier elements than Fe, fission will give energy. For possible atomic energy beginnings for the Earth, the deuterium-tritium merger reaction contained by some sort of magnetic parturiency seems th e most likely way. However, for the fueling of the stars, other merger reactions will rule. Types of merger: Fusion reactions are of two basic types: ( 1 ) those that preserve the figure of protons and neutrons and ( 2 ) those that involve a transition between protons and neutrons. Chemical reactions of the first type are most of import for practical merger energy production, whereas those of the 2nd type are important to the induction of star combustion. The notation indicates an arbitrary component, AZX, where Z is the charge of the karyon and A is the atomic weight. An of import merger reaction for practical energy coevals is that between heavy hydrogen and tritium. Nuclear Fusion Reactors: There are two types of atomic merger reactor: Magnetic parturiency reactors and inertial parturiency reactors. Magnetic parturiency reactors have so many parts: Vacuum vas holds the plasma and keeps the reaction chamber in a vacuity, Neutral beam injector injects particle beams from the gas pedal into the plasma to assist heat the plasma to critical temperature ; Magnetic field spirals superconducting magnets that confine, form and incorporate the plasma utilizing magnetic Fieldss, Transformers transmit electricity to the magnetic field spirals, Cooling equipment cool the magnets, Blanket modules made of Li ; absorb heat and high-energy neutrons from the merger reaction and Diverters exhaust the He merchandises of the merger reaction. Here ‘s how the procedure will work: The merger reactor will heat a watercourse of heavy hydrogen and tritium fuel to organize high-temperature plasma. It will squash the plasma so that merger can take topographic point. The power needed to get down the merger reaction will be about 70 megawatts, but the power output from the reaction will be about 500 megawatts. The merger reaction will last from 300 to 500 seconds. The Li covers outside the plasma reaction chamber will absorb high-energy neutrons from the merger reaction to do more tritium fuel. The covers will acquire heated by the neutrons. 3.The heat will be transferred by a water-cooling cringle to a heat money changer to do steam. 4.The steam will drive electrical turbines to bring forth electricity. 5.The steam will be condensed back into H2O to absorb more heat from the reactor in the heat money changer. An inertial merger reactor consists of mark mill, mark injection and tracking systems, the optical maser, a merger chamber, and a power transition system. In inertial reactor atomic, fusion reactions are initiated by heating and compacting a fuel mark, typically in the signifier of a pellet that most frequently contains a mixture of heavy hydrogen and tritium. To compact and heat the fuel, energy is delivered to the outer bed of the mark utilizing high-energy beams of optical maser visible radiation, negatrons or ions, although for a assortment of grounds, about all ICF devices to day of the month hold used optical masers. The het outer bed explodes outward, bring forthing a reaction force against the balance of the mark, speed uping it inwards, compacting the mark. This procedure may besides make daze moving ridges that travel inward through the mark. A sufficiently powerful set of daze moving ridges can compact and heat the fuel at the centre so much that merger reactions occur. The energy released by these reactions will so heat the environing fuel, which may besides get down to undergo merger. The purpose of ICF ( Inertial parturiency merger ) is to bring forth a status known as â€Å" ignition † , where this warming procedure causes a concatenation reaction that burns a important part of the fuel. Typical fuel pellets are about the size of a dumbbell and contain about 10 mgs of fuel: in pattern, merely a little proportion of this fuel will undergo merger, but if all this fuel were consumed it would let go of the energy equivalent to firing a barrel of oil. How atomic merger work in the Sun: During merger, H signifiers a plasma ( the province of affair when heated to a really high temperature ) . The atomic karyon in the plasma shed their negatrons and the forces of repulsive force between these are really high. However, some fuse and alteration into He, let go ofing big sums of energy. On the Sun, the chance that two H karyons will blend is highly low but the immense Numberss of nuclei present beginnings this. aa‚ ¬A?aa‚ ¬A? Using atomic merger in industry: The newest country in which atomic chemists play an of import function is the field of atomic medical specialty. Nuclear medical specialty is a quickly spread outing subdivision of wellness attention that uses ephemeral radioactive isotopes to name unwellnesss and to handle specific diseases. Nuclear chemists synthesize drugs from radionuclides produced in atomic reactors or gas pedals that are injected into the patient and will so seek out specific variety meats or cancerous tumours. Diagnosis involves usage of the radiopharmaceutical to bring forth an image of the tumour or organ to place jobs that may be missed by x beams or physical scrutinies. Treatment involves utilizing radioactive compounds at carefully controlled doses to destruct tumours. These atomic medical specialty techniques hold much promise for the hereafter because they use biological chemical science to stipulate mark cells much more exactly than traditional radiation therapy, which uses radiation from external beg innings to kill tumour cells, killing no mark cells. Advantages of utilizing atomic merger: Nuclear merger releases tremendous sums of heat, which is used to turn H2O into steam to drive turbines and electrical generators with a individual atomic reactor bring forthing more energy per unit of weight than conventional fossil fuels. 2 ) The coevals of atomic energy does non necessitate the combustion of fossil fuels and so does non foul the ambiance with toxicant nursery gases such as C dioxide or S dioxide doing it a much cleaner fuel than other types of electrical energy production. 3 ) The sum of power a standard atomic power station can bring forth is so big that a individual power station can provide electrical power to many 10s of 1000s of places over a big country and limitless. 4 ) Nuclear power Stationss themselves do non take up much land country leting them to be placed near to industrial countries cut downing the demand to reassign power over long distances. 5 ) While atomic reactors and power Stationss are expensive to construct, their operating costs are low compared to an tantamount coal or gas fired station. Disadvantages of utilizing atomic merger: The radioactive waste can possess a menace to the environment and is unsafe for worlds. We all remember the Chernobyl accident, where the harmful effects of atomic radiation on worlds can even be witnessed today. Estimates conclude that someplace between 15 000 and 30 000 people lost their lifeaa‚ ¬a„?s in the Chernobyl wake and more than 2.5 million Ukrainians are still fighting with wellness jobs related to atomic waste. Merely last twelvemonth, on March 18, a major atomic crisis happened once more in Japan. While the casualties were non every bit high as with the Chernobyl accident, the environmental effects were black. By and large atomic merger is on of new phenomena that human detect it. Nuclear merger happened in the Sun by turning H to He ; still scientists have a long manner to travel. Nuclear merger power is advantages and disadvantages and so many restrictions as a power beginning. However fuels will complete so shortly so atomic merger possibly in future can be a suited and safe.AAArticle Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300 Article Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300 Article Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300 Article Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300 Article Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //EzineArticles.com/7155300

Performance Evaluation Procedures and Tools

Performance Evaluation Procedures and Tools Introduction This paper aims to describe and evaluate performance appraisal techniques, used in the United States Army. We are grateful to Lieutenant John Carlyn who agreed to spend time on this interview and share his expertise with us.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Evaluation Procedures and Tools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, in this paper we are going to make recommendations which can improve performance procedures and tools in this organizations. Despite the fact that a great number of scholarly works have been dedicated to the study of performance appraisal, there is no universal pattern that would guarantee an objective evaluation of performance. Literature Review In recent years, performance appraisal has become one of the most crucial tasks for many HR managers as it is instrumental for good employee retention and organizational performance. A well-developed remuneration system i s crucial for the reduction of staff turnover because a person, who feels that he/she is valued by the management, is rather unlikely to search for a different job (Whiting et al 2008). More importantly, an effective performance appraisal system helps to work out training programs for the employees. If the manager carefully monitors and evaluates a person’s performance throughout a certain period of time, for example, three or four months, he/she will be able to see which skills he should acquire or elaborate. During the last decade, many leading companies decided to take a new approach to performance appraisal. It became evident that the evaluation of performance, which relies only on numerical data, leads to job dissatisfaction and high turnover rates. The thing is that the volume of employee’s output often depends upon many out-of-control factors such the functioning of supply chain, the structure of organization, the efficiency of the managers and so forth. Thus, q uantitative assessment of performance does not fully reflect the skills of the employee and his contribution to the company’s successes. For this reason, both scholars and managers tried to map out more efficient performance appraisal methods.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the whole, job performance is measured according to such parameters as quantity, quality, time and cost. One of the most important parts of performance assessment is job analysis. At this stage, the manager has to identify the skills, abilities and knowledge, required from a person (Goel, 2008, p 153). During job analysis it is vital to single out those quantitative and qualitative characteristics which can be measured. At present, there are a great number of performance evaluation methods. In recent years, 360-degree feedback has become increasingly popular. It can be explained by the fact th at many organizations attach much importance to quality management. The essence of this technique lies in the following: the performance appraisal of an employee is based on the feedback, provided by his/her colleagues, customers, subordinates and the executive officers (Schneier et al, 1995, 208). In their article Steven Whiting and his colleagues (2008) maintain that a manager should focus not only on a task performance of an employee, but also on his interactions with other coworkers. For example, if he/she helps other employees, who cannot cope with tasks, the manager ought to include this information in the assessment report. Furthermore, the scholars argue that such criterion as organizational loyalty should also be taken into consideration by people, who conduct performance appraisal (Whiting et al, 2008). Overall, the framework, proposed by the authors, is supposed to enhance employee’s satisfaction with their job and motivate them. This method aims to evaluate variou s qualitative characteristics of person’s performance such as teamwork, leadership, customer satisfaction. There are other strategies for assessing the quality of employee’s job performance; yet this one is the most accurate and objective. The greatest challenge, faced by both managers and employees is subjectivity and bias. There is no performance appraisal technique that completely eliminates them. 360-degree assessment seems to us as the most useful tool for performance assessment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Evaluation Procedures and Tools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, we have analyzed theoretical approaches to performance appraisal. At this point, it is vital for us to show how it is done in practice. For this purpose, we have interviewed Lieutenant John Carlyn of the United States Army, who explained the principles of performance appraisal in this organization. The text o f the interview During this interview, we have asked Lieutenant John Carlyn about performance appraisal strategies, applied in the United States Army. In particular, we inquired about various stages of performance of appraisal and the dimensions according to which job performance is measured. The transcript of the interview How many individuals work for the organization? At the moment, the personnel of the US Army number more than half a million people. It is one of the largest organizations in the world. I assess the performance of fifty people, who are under my command. How often are appraisals conducted? The appraisals are performed on an annual basis. Are appraisals formal, informal, or a combination of both? Well, I try to combine both formal and informal assessment. There is a standard evaluation form that helps measure task performance. Each member of the personnel receives my performance appraisal report at the end of October. However, I also try to discuss the results with each of my subordinates. You know, the person needs to know exactly which areas of his performance need improvement and in some cases, a standardized report is not sufficient.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Is a standard evaluation form that is used? If so, is it used consistently? Yes, I’ve said before, we do use performance evaluation form; it is a tool, used to monitor and document performance of each personnel member. What dimensions of performance are evaluated? Why? There are several dimensions which ought to be measured: task or mission performance, interpersonal skills, leadership qualities, technical efficiency, and the behavior, which is not directly related to a person’s duties. While evaluating the performance of each subordinate, do you employee a 360 degree assessment? Well, yes, I’m aware of this technique, I do take into consideration the feedback, provided by a person’s peers. This helps to better evaluate his teamwork and interpersonal skills. However, the use of 360 degree assessment is not mandatory; it is optional. You have mentioned the behavior, which is not associated with immediate duties. What exactly do you mean? You know, a soldie r of the US Army must be perfect not only in terms of professionalism but in terms of ethics. Every incident that can affect the public image of this organization is documented and taken in account by the performance assessor. You have mentioned interpersonal skills. What kind of skills do you refer to? Well, I mean person’s willingness to help those people, who lag behind, or leadership skills such as ability to motivate others. What do you like and dislike about conducting performance appraisals? You know, I don’t like the fact that performance appraisal has to be based on someone’s subjective opinion. Although, appraisal methods are standardized, there is still a room for bias. In fact, there are many cases, when people disagree with the results of assessment, and in the long term it can give rise to many workplace conflicts. This is why I combine both formal and informal assessment. It’s important to discuss the results of performance appraisal with t he subordinates. What components of the evaluation process need improvement? It seems to me that performance appraisals should be conducted more than once a year. Annual assessments can overlook many important details. Some of person’s achievements can go unregistered and this often leads to job dissatisfaction. Besides, I think that mission-based performance assessment does not reflect personal progress. Could you please speak more about this mission-based assessment As you know, the performance is evaluated according to a certain grading scale that includes such points as Excellent, Adequate, Satisfactory and Unsatisfactory. When you evaluate the soldier’s performance from a mission-based point of view, there are basically only two grades, excellent and unsatisfactory. The thing is that the results of any task or mission usually depend on many out-of-control factors. This is why it is sometimes quite difficult to conduct performance appraisals. Critical analysis This interview indicates that such an organization as the United States Army has a very complicated system of performance appraisal. It includes both quantitative and numerical data, which helps to measure a person’s reflection throughout a certain period of time, namely a year. Yet, as John Carlyn pointed out the performance appraisal, conducted on an annual basis, does not fully reflect the achievements that an employee has made during this time. Probably, this is the reason why so many companies carry out performance appraisals at least twice or thrice a year (Goel, 2008). The second aspect, which requires in-depth examination, is the so-called mission-based assessment. Overall, this approach is based on the premise that an individual performance can be measured according to the outcomes of a certain task or mission. This method is more suitable for evaluation of team performance, rather than that one of an individual. As John has outlined in his interview, the outcomes of a m ission or operation are influenced by many external factors, such as the reliability of intelligence data, meticulousness of planning, or time available for this mission. Those people, who work in the army, are usually dependent on someone else. Therefore, we can say that mission-based performance appraisal is not the most effective tool. Recommendations On the basis of this discussion, we can make the following recommendations. First, it might be prudent to conduct performance appraisal two or three times a year. It has to be admitted that this change would entail a great deal of paperwork but in this way a person will be better able to see which areas of his skills need improvement. Besides, an annual assessment can be too superficial, it does not register the development of employee’s skills or his/her minor achievements. As a result, it forces a person to a belief that he/she is not valued according to his merits and this is one of the problems, which any organization sho uld avoid. Secondly, one has to find an alternative to a mission-based performance appraisal. Although this technique is not used very often, it may influence a person’s attitude toward the organization, itself. Such approach to performance evaluation can be regarded as unfair and biased because it aims to evaluate the outcomes of a mission or a task, but it cannot measure individual contribution of each member of the staff. Finally, we can argue that the US Army should make a more efficient use of 360 degree appraisal. This strategy is registering and evaluating qualitative aspects of an employee’s work. It appears that this method will be quite applicable for the needs of a military institution. Conclusion Thus, in this paper we have discussed strategies of performance evaluation, used by modern organizations. Much more attention is now being paid to the qualitative dimensions of performance but in fact, there are only very few methods, which enable to measure these qualitative characteristics. This is one of the key difficulties, faced by HR managers. This research focuses on a very specific type of organization: the United States Army. This is one of those cases, when a performance appraisal has to be based mostly on qualitative characteristics. The interview, which we have conducted, shows that evaluation of performance is one of the most challenging tasks, faced by the commanding officers. The problem is that an annual performance appraisal does not always include the progress that a person made during this time. In this paper, we have proposed a framework, which relies on 360-degree assessment. This model can improve the organizational performance and enhance job satisfaction. Reference List Goel V. (2008). Performance Appraisal and Compensation Management: A Modern  Approach. NY: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Muchinsky, P. M. (2009) Psychology applied to work: An introduction to industrial and organizational psychology. Summerfield, NC.: Hyper graphic Press Schneier. C. E. Shaw. D. Beatty. R. Baird L. 1995 Performance measurement,  management, and appraisal sourcebook. Ney Jersey: Human Resource Development. Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., Pierce, J. R. (2008). Effects of task performance,  helping, voice, and organizational loyalty on performance appraisal ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(1), 125-139.